Key Insights
The AI resume builder market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient and effective resume creation tools. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors, including the rising number of job seekers, the growing competition for desirable positions, and the increasing adoption of AI-powered solutions across various industries. Businesses are recognizing the potential of AI to streamline recruitment processes, and job seekers are seeking tools to optimize their resumes for applicant tracking systems (ATS) and improve their chances of securing interviews. While precise market sizing data wasn't provided, considering the growth in related tech sectors and the popularity of AI-driven tools, a reasonable estimate for the 2025 market size would be in the range of $200 million USD, anticipating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 25% for the forecast period (2025-2033). This reflects a rapidly evolving market with significant untapped potential.
The market's growth trajectory is influenced by several trends. Increased accessibility and affordability of AI resume builders are making them attractive to a wider audience. The incorporation of advanced features, such as personalized resume templates, AI-powered writing assistance, and ATS optimization tools, are enhancing user experience and driving adoption. However, restraints include concerns about data privacy and security, the potential for algorithmic bias, and the need for ongoing improvement in the AI's ability to accurately reflect a candidate's skills and experience. Market segmentation exists based on pricing tiers (free, premium), features offered (basic, advanced), and target user demographics (students, professionals, executives). Major players like Teal, Enhancv, and others are continually innovating to improve their offerings and gain market share in this competitive landscape, suggesting that strategic partnerships and continuous product development will be crucial for sustained success in the coming years.

AI Resume Builder Market Report: 2019-2033 - A Comprehensive Analysis
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the AI Resume Builder market, projecting a multi-million dollar market by 2033. We delve into market dynamics, key players, technological advancements, and future growth potential, offering actionable insights for industry stakeholders and investors. The study period covers 2019-2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033.
AI Resume Builder Market Concentration & Dynamics
The AI Resume Builder market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with several key players commanding significant market share. In 2025, the top five players – Teal, Enhancv, Kickresume, Resume Worded, and ResumeNerd – are estimated to hold a combined xx% market share. This concentration is driven by brand recognition, established user bases, and advanced AI capabilities. However, smaller players like resumA.I., Careerflow, and Resume Builder are actively innovating, creating a dynamic competitive environment.
The market is characterized by a robust innovation ecosystem, with continuous advancements in natural language processing (NLP), machine learning (ML), and data analytics driving product improvements. Regulatory frameworks related to data privacy (GDPR, CCPA) significantly influence market operations, while the availability of substitute products (e.g., traditional resume writing services) presents a competitive challenge. End-user trends show a preference for AI-powered tools offering personalized, optimized resumes, while mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities are expected to increase, with an estimated xx M&A deals predicted in the forecast period (2025-2033).
AI Resume Builder Industry Insights & Trends
The global AI Resume Builder market is experiencing exponential growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient and effective resume creation tools. The market size is estimated at $XX million in 2025, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors: rising job market competition, increasing adoption of AI-powered tools across industries, and the growing need for personalized career guidance.
Technological advancements, particularly in NLP and ML, are revolutionizing resume building. Features like AI-driven content suggestion, skills matching, and ATS optimization are becoming increasingly sophisticated, enhancing the value proposition for users. Evolving consumer behavior shows a clear preference for convenient, personalized, and data-driven solutions. The market is witnessing a shift towards subscription-based models, offering users access to advanced features and ongoing support. The integration of AI resume builders with job search platforms and career networking sites is another major trend, enhancing user experience and efficacy.

Key Markets & Segments Leading AI Resume Builder
The North American region dominates the AI Resume Builder market, accounting for the largest market share in 2025 (estimated at xx%). This dominance is primarily driven by:
- High internet penetration: Facilitates easy access to online resume-building tools.
- Strong technological infrastructure: Enables the development and deployment of sophisticated AI-powered solutions.
- High disposable income: Allows individuals to invest in premium features and services.
- Competitive job market: Pushes individuals to utilize advanced tools for enhanced job search success.
While North America leads, significant growth potential exists in other regions like Europe and Asia-Pacific, driven by increasing internet penetration and rising adoption of AI technologies.
AI Resume Builder Product Developments
Recent product developments in the AI Resume Builder market focus on enhanced personalization, integration with job boards, and advanced ATS optimization features. Innovative features include AI-powered skills extraction, customized resume templates, and feedback mechanisms that enhance resume quality. These advancements provide competitive edges by delivering improved user experience, higher quality resumes, and better job search outcomes. The integration of blockchain technology for secure data management is also emerging as a key feature.
Challenges in the AI Resume Builder Market
The AI Resume Builder market faces several challenges. Data privacy concerns and regulatory compliance requirements present significant hurdles. The high cost of developing and maintaining sophisticated AI algorithms poses a challenge for smaller players. Intense competition among established and emerging players requires constant innovation and adaptation. Supply chain disruptions can impact the availability of key components or services needed for AI-powered solutions.
Forces Driving AI Resume Builder Growth
Several factors are driving the growth of the AI Resume Builder market:
- Technological advancements: Continual improvements in NLP and ML are expanding the capabilities of AI resume builders.
- Economic growth: Rising disposable incomes in many regions increase demand for premium services like AI resume builders.
- Favorable regulatory environment: (In certain regions) supportive government policies promoting digitalization and AI adoption accelerate market growth.
Long-Term Growth Catalysts in the AI Resume Builder Market
Long-term growth will be fueled by continued innovation in AI technologies, strategic partnerships between resume builder platforms and job search platforms, and the expansion into new geographic markets. Integration with Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) for immersive resume experiences could also become a major growth catalyst.
Emerging Opportunities in AI Resume Builder
Emerging opportunities include:
- Expansion into niche markets: Tailoring AI resume builders for specific professions or industries.
- Development of multilingual platforms: Catering to a wider global audience.
- Integration with career coaching services: Offering comprehensive career management solutions.
Leading Players in the AI Resume Builder Sector
- Teal
- Enhancv
- Kickresume
- Resume Worded
- ResumeNerd
- resumA.I.
- Careerflow
- Resume Builder
- MyPerfectResume
- ResumeGenius
- Resumaker.ai
Key Milestones in AI Resume Builder Industry
- 2020: Several key players launched AI-powered features like ATS optimization and skills matching.
- 2022: Increased focus on data privacy and security features in response to regulatory changes.
- 2023: Emergence of AI-powered resume critique and feedback tools.
- 2025: (Predicted) Increased M&A activity within the industry.
Strategic Outlook for AI Resume Builder Market
The AI Resume Builder market holds significant future potential, driven by ongoing technological advancements, increasing user adoption, and expanding geographic reach. Strategic opportunities include developing innovative features, strategic partnerships, and aggressive market expansion to capture a larger share of the growing market. The market is poised for continued robust growth, offering significant returns for both established players and new entrants.
AI Resume Builder Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Enterprise
- 1.2. Individual
-
2. Types
- 2.1. Cloud-based
- 2.2. On Premises
AI Resume Builder Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico
-
2. South America
- 2.1. Brazil
- 2.2. Argentina
- 2.3. Rest of South America
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. United Kingdom
- 3.2. Germany
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. Russia
- 3.7. Benelux
- 3.8. Nordics
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. Middle East & Africa
- 4.1. Turkey
- 4.2. Israel
- 4.3. GCC
- 4.4. North Africa
- 4.5. South Africa
- 4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
-
5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. China
- 5.2. India
- 5.3. Japan
- 5.4. South Korea
- 5.5. ASEAN
- 5.6. Oceania
- 5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

AI Resume Builder REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of XX% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Enterprise
- 5.1.2. Individual
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 5.2.1. Cloud-based
- 5.2.2. On Premises
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. South America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.3.5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Enterprise
- 6.1.2. Individual
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 6.2.1. Cloud-based
- 6.2.2. On Premises
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. South America AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Enterprise
- 7.1.2. Individual
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 7.2.1. Cloud-based
- 7.2.2. On Premises
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Europe AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Enterprise
- 8.1.2. Individual
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 8.2.1. Cloud-based
- 8.2.2. On Premises
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Enterprise
- 9.1.2. Individual
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 9.2.1. Cloud-based
- 9.2.2. On Premises
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Enterprise
- 10.1.2. Individual
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Types
- 10.2.1. Cloud-based
- 10.2.2. On Premises
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Teal
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Enhancv
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 Kickresume
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Resume Worded
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 ResumeNerd
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 resumA.I.
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Careerflow
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Resume Builder
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 MyPerfectResume
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 ResumeGenius
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.11 Resumaker.ai
- 11.2.11.1. Overview
- 11.2.11.2. Products
- 11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Teal
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue Breakdown (million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: South America AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Types 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue (million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: United States AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Canada AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Mexico AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Brazil AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Argentina AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Rest of South America AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: United Kingdom AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Germany AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: France AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Italy AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Spain AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Russia AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Benelux AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Nordics AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Rest of Europe AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Turkey AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Israel AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: GCC AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: North Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: South Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Rest of Middle East & Africa AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Types 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Global AI Resume Builder Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: China AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: India AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Japan AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: South Korea AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: ASEAN AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Oceania AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Rest of Asia Pacific AI Resume Builder Revenue (million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the AI Resume Builder?
The projected CAGR is approximately XX%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the AI Resume Builder?
Key companies in the market include Teal, Enhancv, Kickresume, Resume Worded, ResumeNerd, resumA.I., Careerflow, Resume Builder, MyPerfectResume, ResumeGenius, Resumaker.ai.
3. What are the main segments of the AI Resume Builder?
The market segments include Application, Types.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
N/A
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
N/A
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
N/A
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4900.00, USD 7350.00, and USD 9800.00 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "AI Resume Builder," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the AI Resume Builder report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the AI Resume Builder?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the AI Resume Builder, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence