Key Insights
The Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a substantial market size by 2033. Driven by increasing urbanization, infrastructure development projects across the region, and government initiatives promoting energy efficiency, the market is poised for significant expansion. The shift towards sustainable lighting solutions is a key driver, with LED technology offering considerable energy savings compared to traditional lighting options. Furthermore, the rising adoption of smart city initiatives and the increasing demand for improved public safety are fueling the market's growth. Specific applications like street and roadway lighting are showing particularly strong growth, followed by commercial and industrial sectors. Leading players in the market, including Al Nasser Group, Signify Holding (Philips), OPPLE Lighting, and others, are actively investing in research and development, and expanding their product portfolios to cater to diverse customer needs and preferences across various regions within the Middle East and Africa. While challenges exist, such as the initial high cost of LED installations in some areas and the need for robust maintenance infrastructure, the long-term cost savings and environmental benefits of LED lighting are overriding these concerns, ensuring sustained market expansion. The diverse segments within the market, encompassing various product types (LED street lights, floodlights, area lights, and decorative lights) and applications, present lucrative opportunities for both established companies and new entrants. The competitive landscape remains dynamic with both local and international players vying for market share.
The African sub-region, comprising countries such as South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya, demonstrates significant potential for growth within the market. Factors contributing to this growth include ongoing infrastructure development programs, improving economic conditions in select regions, and a growing awareness of energy efficiency among consumers and businesses. However, market penetration varies significantly across the different African nations, reflecting the disparities in economic development and infrastructure. Companies targeting this market must adopt strategies that address the unique challenges and opportunities present in each region, including logistical complexities, varying regulatory environments, and diverse consumer preferences. Focus on providing reliable, durable products, coupled with strong after-sales support, will be critical for success in this dynamic market. The market's future trajectory is positive, with continued growth anticipated throughout the forecast period, driven by technological advancements, supportive government policies, and the ever-increasing demand for energy-efficient and sustainable lighting solutions.

Illuminating the Future: A Comprehensive Report on the Middle East & Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and strategic decision-makers. With a detailed examination of market dynamics, key segments, leading players, and future trends, this report illuminates the path to success in this rapidly evolving sector. The study period covers 2019-2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Middle East and Africa outdoor LED lighting market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with a handful of multinational corporations and several regional players vying for market share. Market concentration is influenced by factors such as brand recognition, technological capabilities, and distribution networks. Key players such as Signify Holding (Philips), Al Nasser Group, and OPPLE Lighting Co Ltd hold significant market share, while regional players cater to niche segments.
The innovative ecosystem is witnessing increasing activity, with companies investing in R&D to develop energy-efficient and smart lighting solutions. Regulatory frameworks, focused on energy conservation and sustainable practices, are influencing market growth. Substitute products, such as traditional lighting technologies, face increasing competition due to the superior energy efficiency and longer lifespan of LEDs. End-user trends indicate a growing preference for smart, connected lighting solutions, particularly in commercial and public spaces. M&A activity within the sector is expected to remain moderate, with strategic acquisitions driving consolidation.
- Market Share: Signify Holding (Philips) holds approximately xx%, Al Nasser Group holds approximately xx%, and OPPLE Lighting Co Ltd holds approximately xx% of the market.
- M&A Deal Counts: xx deals were recorded during the historical period (2019-2024), with an estimated xx deals anticipated during the forecast period (2025-2033).
Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Industry Insights & Trends
The Middle East and Africa outdoor LED lighting market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as increasing urbanization, infrastructural development, government initiatives promoting energy efficiency, and rising awareness of the environmental benefits of LEDs. Technological disruptions are reshaping the market, with smart lighting, IoT integration, and advanced control systems gaining traction. Consumers increasingly demand energy-efficient and aesthetically pleasing lighting solutions, leading to innovations in design and functionality. Market size, valued at xx Million in 2024, is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, demonstrating the significant growth potential of this sector. The market is witnessing a shift towards connected lighting systems, allowing for remote monitoring, control, and energy management optimization.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market
The LED street lights segment dominates the product type category, owing to large-scale government projects and infrastructure development across the region. Public places, streets, and roadways represent the largest application segment, driven by governmental initiatives to improve urban lighting infrastructure. Within the geographic landscape, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa represent key markets, exhibiting high growth potential due to favorable economic conditions and expanding infrastructure projects.
- Dominant Region: Middle East (UAE, Saudi Arabia)
- Dominant Segment (Product Type): LED Street Lights
- Dominant Segment (Application): Public Places, Streets and Roadways
Drivers for Growth:
- Rapid Urbanization and Infrastructure Development
- Growing Governmental Initiatives promoting energy efficiency and sustainable development
- Rising Disposable Incomes & Increased Consumer Spending on improved outdoor lighting
Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Product Developments
Recent product developments showcase a trend toward enhanced energy efficiency, improved longevity, and smart features. Cyclone Lighting's Elencia luminaire, Dialight's ProSite High Mast, and Hydrel's M9700 RGBW fixture represent notable innovations, enhancing market competitiveness and consumer choice. These advancements reflect a focus on delivering superior illumination, durability, and smart connectivity, shaping the future of outdoor LED lighting in the MEA region.
Challenges in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Market
The MEA outdoor LED lighting market faces challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices, stringent regulatory requirements, and infrastructural limitations in some regions, particularly in certain African countries. Supply chain disruptions and intense competition can impact market growth negatively. Additionally, high upfront costs associated with adopting advanced smart LED lighting systems could represent a barrier for certain market segments. These challenges impact profit margins and overall market development.
Forces Driving Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Growth
Key growth drivers include government initiatives promoting energy efficiency, infrastructural development projects, rising urbanization, and increasing consumer awareness of the benefits of LED lighting. Technological advancements, such as smart lighting and IoT integration, are also fueling market growth. Favorable government policies that encourage adoption of energy-efficient technologies are contributing significantly to this market's expansion.
Long-Term Growth Catalysts in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market
Long-term growth is anticipated to be driven by continuous innovation in LED technology, resulting in more energy-efficient and cost-effective lighting solutions. Strategic partnerships between technology providers and local distributors are essential for expanding market reach. Government support in the form of subsidies and incentives will further encourage the adoption of outdoor LED lighting solutions. The expansion of smart cities projects across the region is a significant catalyst for sustained growth.
Emerging Opportunities in Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market
Emerging opportunities include the expansion of smart city initiatives, which will drive demand for connected lighting solutions. The growth of renewable energy sources provides opportunities to integrate solar-powered LED lighting systems. There is significant potential for expanding LED lighting adoption in remote and underserved areas, where off-grid solutions become increasingly relevant.
Leading Players in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Sector
- Signify Holding (Philips)
- Al Nasser Group
- OPPLE Lighting Co Ltd
- Nardeen Lighting Company Limited
- LEDVANCE GmbH (MLS Co Ltd)
- EGLO Leuchten GmbH
- Current Lighting Solutions LLC
- ams-OSRAM AG
- ACUITY BRANDS INC
- Dialight PLC
Key Milestones in Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Industry
- May 2023: Cyclone Lighting launches its Elencia luminaire, enhancing the aesthetics of outdoor post-top lighting.
- May 2023: Dialight introduces the ProSite High Mast, expanding its ProSite Floodlight range to cater to a wider range of industrial applications.
- April 2023: Hydrel adds the M9700 RGBW fixture to its M9000 ingrade luminaire family, enhancing color customization options.
Strategic Outlook for Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Market
The MEA outdoor LED lighting market presents significant growth opportunities due to ongoing infrastructure development, increasing urbanization, and a growing focus on energy efficiency. Strategic investments in R&D, partnerships to expand market access, and adapting to regional regulations will be crucial for success. The market's future hinges on embracing smart technologies and providing sustainable, energy-efficient solutions that align with regional environmental goals.
Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Segmentation
-
1. Outdoor Lighting
- 1.1. Public Places
- 1.2. Streets and Roadways
- 1.3. Others
Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Middle East
- 1.1. Saudi Arabia
- 1.2. United Arab Emirates
- 1.3. Israel
- 1.4. Qatar
- 1.5. Kuwait
- 1.6. Oman
- 1.7. Bahrain
- 1.8. Jordan
- 1.9. Lebanon

Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.10% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Enhanced Precision and Accuracy over Conventional Alternatives; Miniaturization of Component Parts
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Regulation Compliance Associated with Laser Usage
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Outdoor Lighting
- 5.1.1. Public Places
- 5.1.2. Streets and Roadways
- 5.1.3. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. Middle East
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Outdoor Lighting
- 6. Africa Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 6.1.1. undefined
- 7. South Africa Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 7.1.1. undefined
- 8. Sudan Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 8.1.1. undefined
- 9. Uganda Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 9.1.1. undefined
- 10. Tanzania Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1. undefined
- 11. Kenya Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1. undefined
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Al Nasser Group
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 Signify Holding (Philips
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 OPPLE Lighting Co Ltd
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Nardeen Lighting Company Limited
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 LEDVANCE GmbH (MLS Co Ltd)
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 EGLO Leuchten GmbH
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Current Lighting Solutions LLC
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 ams-OSRAM AG
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 ACUITY BRANDS INC
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.10 Dialight PLC
- 12.2.10.1. Overview
- 12.2.10.2. Products
- 12.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Al Nasser Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Outdoor Lighting 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Outdoor Lighting 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Outdoor Lighting 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Outdoor Lighting 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Saudi Arabia Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Saudi Arabia Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: United Arab Emirates Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: United Arab Emirates Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Israel Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Israel Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Qatar Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Qatar Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Kuwait Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Kuwait Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Oman Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Oman Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Bahrain Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Bahrain Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Jordan Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Jordan Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Lebanon Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Lebanon Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.10%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market?
Key companies in the market include Al Nasser Group, Signify Holding (Philips, OPPLE Lighting Co Ltd, Nardeen Lighting Company Limited, LEDVANCE GmbH (MLS Co Ltd), EGLO Leuchten GmbH, Current Lighting Solutions LLC, ams-OSRAM AG, ACUITY BRANDS INC, Dialight PLC.
3. What are the main segments of the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market?
The market segments include Outdoor Lighting.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Enhanced Precision and Accuracy over Conventional Alternatives; Miniaturization of Component Parts.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Regulation Compliance Associated with Laser Usage.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
May 2023: Cyclone Lighting, a well-known manufacturer of outdoor luminaires, announced the debut of its Elencia luminaire. Outdoor post-top lighting has an upscale look due to high-performance optics and revised, modern lantern style.May 2023: Dialight, a company in hazardous and industrial LED lighting innovation, introduced the ProSite High Mast, an expansion of the company's extremely successful ProSite Floodlight range. This new model is carefully constructed to withstand mounting heights of up to 130 feet for a wide range of outdoor industrial applications such as airports, container yards, rail yards, product stockpiles, transportation, perimeter lighting, and parking applications. With a total lumen output of up to 65,000, the ProSite High Mast improves site security by providing uniform, crisp, and clear illumination.April 2023: Hydrel, an established innovator and producer of outdoor architectural and landscape lighting systems, announced the addition of the M9700 RGBW fixture to its M9000 ingrade luminaire family.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Middle East and Africa Outdoor LED Lighting Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence