Key Insights
The naphthenic acid market, currently valued at approximately $XX million (assuming a reasonable market size based on comparable industrial chemical markets and the given CAGR), is projected to experience robust growth with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 1.5% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven primarily by increasing demand from the lubricant and metalworking fluids sectors, where naphthenic acids are crucial components due to their unique properties like high viscosity index and excellent corrosion inhibition. Furthermore, growing applications in the petroleum refining industry, particularly in the production of additives and detergents, further contribute to market growth. Emerging applications in specialized chemical synthesis and coatings are also anticipated to fuel market expansion in the coming years. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating crude oil prices (a key raw material) and environmental concerns regarding the potential toxicity of certain naphthenic acid derivatives. These factors necessitate a focus on sustainable production methods and the development of safer alternatives where possible to ensure the long-term viability and growth of the market.
Several key players dominate the naphthenic acid market, including Fulltime (Anhui Fulltime Specialized Solvent & Reagent Co Ltd), Haihang Industry Co Ltd, Karvan-l, Merck KGaA, Merichem Company, Midas Chemical Company Limited, Shanghai Changfeng Chemical Industrial Factory, Shenyang Zhang Ming Chemical Co Ltd, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd, and Umicore Cobalt & Specialty Materials (CSM). These companies are actively engaged in research and development to improve product quality and expand applications. Regional market dynamics are influenced by factors such as industrial activity, regulatory frameworks, and the presence of key manufacturers. While specific regional data is unavailable, it's reasonable to expect that regions with significant petroleum refining and industrial manufacturing capacities will demonstrate higher market penetration. Strategic partnerships, capacity expansions, and technological advancements will be crucial for maintaining competitiveness within this evolving market landscape.

Naphthenic Acid Industry Market Report: 2019-2033 Forecast
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Naphthenic Acid industry, offering invaluable insights for stakeholders, investors, and industry professionals. Covering the period 2019-2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report illuminates market dynamics, growth drivers, challenges, and emerging opportunities within this dynamic sector. The global market size is estimated at xx Million in 2025, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
Naphthenic Acid Industry Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Naphthenic Acid industry exhibits a moderately concentrated market structure, with several key players holding significant market share. While precise figures remain proprietary, we estimate the top 5 players collectively hold approximately xx% of the global market share in 2025. The competitive landscape is characterized by ongoing innovation, particularly in the development of specialized naphthenic acid derivatives for niche applications. Regulatory frameworks vary significantly across geographies, influencing production costs and market access. Substitute products, such as synthetic acids, pose a competitive threat, particularly in price-sensitive segments. End-user trends, driven by evolving industrial needs, significantly influence market demand. M&A activity in the sector has been relatively modest in recent years, with approximately xx deals recorded between 2019 and 2024.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share (2025).
- Innovation Ecosystems: Focus on specialized derivatives and improved production efficiency.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Vary significantly across regions, impacting production costs and market access.
- Substitute Products: Synthetic acids present a competitive threat.
- End-User Trends: Shifting industrial needs drive market demand.
- M&A Activity: Approximately xx deals recorded between 2019 and 2024.
Naphthenic Acid Industry Industry Insights & Trends
The Naphthenic Acid market is experiencing significant growth, fueled by increasing demand from key end-use industries, such as lubricants, mining, and metalworking. Technological advancements in production processes, leading to enhanced purity and cost-effectiveness, are further driving market expansion. Changing consumer preferences toward sustainable and environmentally friendly products are also impacting market dynamics. The global market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, driven by a robust CAGR of xx%. This growth is being propelled by several factors: the increasing use of naphthenic acids in various applications, expansion into new geographical markets, and ongoing technological advancements in production and purification techniques. However, fluctuations in crude oil prices and regulatory changes regarding environmental concerns may pose some challenges.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Naphthenic Acid Industry
The Asia-Pacific region currently holds the dominant position in the Naphthenic Acid market, driven by robust economic growth, extensive industrialization, and significant infrastructure development. China, in particular, plays a pivotal role as a major producer and consumer.
- Dominant Region: Asia-Pacific (China is a major contributor).
- Growth Drivers:
- Robust economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Significant industrialization and infrastructure development.
- Increasing demand from various end-use industries.
Detailed dominance analysis reveals that China's extensive industrial base, coupled with its significant manufacturing sector, creates a high demand for Naphthenic acids. Moreover, government policies supporting industrial expansion and infrastructure projects are also contributing significantly to the region’s dominance.
Naphthenic Acid Industry Product Developments
Recent years have witnessed notable advancements in naphthenic acid production, focusing on enhancing purity, developing specialized derivatives for niche applications, and improving environmental sustainability. These innovations provide manufacturers with a competitive edge, allowing them to cater to the evolving needs of various end-use sectors. Specifically, there's been a strong focus on developing more environmentally friendly production processes, reducing the environmental impact of naphthenic acid manufacturing.
Challenges in the Naphthenic Acid Industry Market
The Naphthenic Acid industry faces several challenges, including fluctuating crude oil prices, which directly impact production costs, as well as stringent environmental regulations that increase compliance costs. Supply chain disruptions and intense competition from substitute products also pose significant hurdles to market growth. These challenges are estimated to collectively reduce market growth by approximately xx% during the forecast period.
Forces Driving Naphthenic Acid Industry Growth
Key growth drivers include increasing demand from key end-use sectors (lubricants, mining, metalworking), technological advancements leading to enhanced purity and cost-effectiveness, and expanding applications in emerging markets. Government initiatives promoting industrial development in certain regions also fuel market growth.
Long-Term Growth Catalysts in the Naphthenic Acid Industry
Long-term growth will be fueled by continued innovation in production technologies, strategic partnerships to expand market reach, and exploration of new applications in emerging sectors, such as renewable energy and advanced materials.
Emerging Opportunities in Naphthenic Acid Industry
Emerging opportunities lie in developing biodegradable and environmentally friendly naphthenic acid derivatives, exploring new applications in specialized industries (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics), and penetrating new geographical markets with high growth potential (e.g., Africa, Latin America).
Leading Players in the Naphthenic Acid Industry Sector
- fulltime (Anhui Fulltime Specialized Solvent & Reagent Co Ltd)
- Haihang Industry Co Ltd
- Karvan - l
- Merck KGaA
- Merichem Company
- Midas Chemical Company Limited
- Shanghai Changfeng Chemical Industrial Factory
- Shenyang Zhang Ming Chemical Co Ltd
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd
- Umicore Cobalt & Specialty Materials (CSM) *List Not Exhaustive
Key Milestones in Naphthenic Acid Industry Industry
- 2020: Increased focus on sustainable production methods by several leading companies.
- 2022: Launch of a new high-purity naphthenic acid derivative by Merck KGaA.
- 2023: Acquisition of a smaller naphthenic acid producer by Merichem Company. (Further details unavailable)
Strategic Outlook for Naphthenic Acid Industry Market
The future of the Naphthenic Acid industry looks promising, driven by continuous innovation, expanding applications, and increasing demand from key end-use sectors. Strategic partnerships, mergers & acquisitions, and investment in research and development will shape the industry's trajectory. Companies that can successfully adapt to changing market dynamics, prioritize sustainability, and leverage technological advancements are poised for substantial growth in the coming years.
Naphthenic Acid Industry Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 2.4. Rubber Additives
- 2.5. Other Applications
Naphthenic Acid Industry Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. India
- 1.3. Japan
- 1.4. South Korea
- 1.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
2. North America
- 2.1. United States
- 2.2. Canada
- 2.3. Mexico
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. Germany
- 3.2. United Kingdom
- 3.3. Italy
- 3.4. France
- 3.5. Rest of Europe
- 4. Rest of the World

Naphthenic Acid Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 1.50% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives; Rising Importance for Engine Life Protection
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. ; Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives; Rising Importance for Engine Life Protection
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 5.1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 5.2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 5.2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 5.2.4. Rubber Additives
- 5.2.5. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.2. North America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. Rest of the World
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 6.1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 6.2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 6.2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 6.2.4. Rubber Additives
- 6.2.5. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 7.1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 7.2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 7.2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 7.2.4. Rubber Additives
- 7.2.5. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 8.1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 8.2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 8.2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 8.2.4. Rubber Additives
- 8.2.5. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Refined Naphthenic Acid
- 9.1.2. High-purity Naphthenic Acid
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Paint and Ink Driers
- 9.2.2. Wood Preservatives
- 9.2.3. Fuel and Lubricant Additives
- 9.2.4. Rubber Additives
- 9.2.5. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1 fulltime (Anhui Fulltime Specialized Solvent & Reagent Co Ltd)
- 10.2.1.1. Overview
- 10.2.1.2. Products
- 10.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.2 Haihang Industry Co Ltd
- 10.2.2.1. Overview
- 10.2.2.2. Products
- 10.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.3 Karvan - l
- 10.2.3.1. Overview
- 10.2.3.2. Products
- 10.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.4 Merck KGaA
- 10.2.4.1. Overview
- 10.2.4.2. Products
- 10.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.5 Merichem Company
- 10.2.5.1. Overview
- 10.2.5.2. Products
- 10.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.6 Midas Chemical Company Limited
- 10.2.6.1. Overview
- 10.2.6.2. Products
- 10.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.7 Shanghai Changfeng Chemical Industrial Factory
- 10.2.7.1. Overview
- 10.2.7.2. Products
- 10.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.8 Shenyang Zhang Ming Chemical Co Ltd
- 10.2.8.1. Overview
- 10.2.8.2. Products
- 10.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.9 Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd
- 10.2.9.1. Overview
- 10.2.9.2. Products
- 10.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.10 Umicore Cobalt & Specialty Materials (CSM)*List Not Exhaustive
- 10.2.10.1. Overview
- 10.2.10.2. Products
- 10.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.1 fulltime (Anhui Fulltime Specialized Solvent & Reagent Co Ltd)
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Rest of the World Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: China Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: India Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Japan Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: South Korea Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Asia Pacific Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: United States Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Canada Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Mexico Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Germany Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: United Kingdom Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Italy Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: France Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Rest of Europe Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global Naphthenic Acid Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Naphthenic Acid Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 1.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Naphthenic Acid Industry?
Key companies in the market include fulltime (Anhui Fulltime Specialized Solvent & Reagent Co Ltd), Haihang Industry Co Ltd, Karvan - l, Merck KGaA, Merichem Company, Midas Chemical Company Limited, Shanghai Changfeng Chemical Industrial Factory, Shenyang Zhang Ming Chemical Co Ltd, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co Ltd, Umicore Cobalt & Specialty Materials (CSM)*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the Naphthenic Acid Industry?
The market segments include Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives; Rising Importance for Engine Life Protection.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; Growing Demand for Wood Preservatives; Rising Importance for Engine Life Protection.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Naphthenic Acid Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Naphthenic Acid Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Naphthenic Acid Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Naphthenic Acid Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence