Key Insights
The Saudi Arabian diabetes treatment drugs market, valued at $1.87 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The rising prevalence of diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, driven by lifestyle changes like increased urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and high consumption of processed foods, is a major driver. Furthermore, increasing awareness of diabetes management and improved healthcare infrastructure are contributing to market growth. The market is segmented into various drug classes, including insulins (basal/long-acting, rapid-acting, and biosimilars), oral anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, sulfonylureas, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors), and non-insulin injectables (GLP-1 receptor agonists). The segment comprising insulin-based treatments is expected to retain a significant market share due to its efficacy in managing severe diabetes cases. However, the increasing adoption of newer classes of oral anti-diabetic drugs, particularly SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, owing to their superior efficacy and tolerability profiles, is expected to drive segment-specific growth. The competitive landscape is marked by the presence of several major pharmaceutical companies, including Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, and AstraZeneca, actively involved in research, development, and marketing of innovative diabetes drugs. Government initiatives promoting diabetes awareness and accessible healthcare are also playing a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory.
Geographic segmentation within Saudi Arabia (Central, Eastern, Western, Southern regions) reflects variations in diabetes prevalence and access to healthcare, which influence regional market performance. While data on precise regional market shares is unavailable, it's likely that urbanized regions like the Central and Eastern regions will demonstrate higher market penetration due to better healthcare access and higher diabetes prevalence rates. The market is expected to face some restraints, including high drug prices, potential side effects of certain medications and the need for consistent patient adherence to treatment plans. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development efforts focused on novel drug delivery systems and improved therapeutic agents are expected to mitigate these challenges and further propel market expansion.

Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia, covering market size, segmentation, key players, industry trends, and future growth prospects. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year. This report is an invaluable resource for industry stakeholders, investors, and researchers seeking a deep understanding of this dynamic market.
Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Saudi Arabian diabetes treatment drugs market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, dominated by multinational pharmaceutical giants like Pfizer, Takeda, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Merck and Co, AstraZeneca, Sanofi Aventis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Astellas. Local players such as Julphar also hold significant market share. The market share of these key players is estimated to be around xx Million in 2025.
- Market Concentration: The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is estimated to be around xx, indicating a moderately concentrated market.
- Innovation Ecosystem: The market is characterized by ongoing R&D efforts focused on novel drug delivery systems, combination therapies, and biosimilars. The entry of Daewoong with Envlo signals a shift towards greater innovation.
- Regulatory Framework: The Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) plays a crucial role in regulating the market, influencing drug approvals and pricing.
- Substitute Products: Competition exists from generic medications and traditional treatments, impacting pricing strategies and market share.
- End-User Trends: The increasing prevalence of diabetes and a growing awareness of advanced treatment options are driving market growth.
- M&A Activities: The number of M&A deals in the Saudi Arabian pharmaceutical sector in the last five years is estimated to be around xx, primarily focused on expanding market reach and acquiring innovative technologies.
Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Industry Insights & Trends
The Saudi Arabian diabetes treatment drugs market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as the rising prevalence of diabetes, increasing healthcare expenditure, and government initiatives to improve healthcare access. The market size was valued at approximately xx Million in 2024 and is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is fueled by an aging population, changing lifestyles, and genetic predispositions, leading to a substantial increase in diagnosed cases.
Technological advancements, such as the development of novel insulin analogs, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors, are also contributing to market expansion. The introduction of biosimilars provides more cost-effective treatment options, further driving market growth. Evolving consumer behaviors, including a greater preference for convenient and effective therapies, are also shaping market dynamics. The increasing adoption of telehealth and remote monitoring technologies has improved patient care and management, positively impacting market growth. Government initiatives promoting preventive healthcare and diabetes awareness campaigns are additionally supporting the expansion of the market.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia
The Saudi Arabian market for diabetes treatment drugs is segmented based on drug class, including insulins (Basal or Long Acting Insulins, Apidra (Insulin Glulisine), Traditional Human Insulins, Basaglar (Insulin Glargine), Bolus or Fast Acting Insulins, Insuman: Biosimilar Insulins), oral anti-diabetic drugs (Biguanides, Metformin, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, SGLT-2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, Oral Combinations), Non-Insulin Injectable drugs (GLP-1 receptor agonists, Amylin Analogue), and Combination drugs (Insulin combinations).
Key Market Drivers:
- Rising Prevalence of Diabetes: The increasing number of diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia is the primary growth driver.
- Growing Healthcare Expenditure: Increased government spending on healthcare infrastructure and improved access to medical services are fueling market growth.
- Technological Advancements: The development of innovative drugs and delivery systems is significantly impacting market dynamics.
- Government Initiatives: Government programs promoting diabetes awareness and early detection contribute positively to the market’s growth.
Dominant Segments:
The insulin segment, particularly basal and long-acting insulins, holds a significant market share, reflecting the high prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Oral anti-diabetic drugs, especially Metformin and SGLT-2 inhibitors, represent another important segment, driven by cost-effectiveness and improved efficacy. The emergence of GLP-1 receptor agonists and other newer drug classes further enriches the treatment landscape. Further research is needed to pinpoint precise market share among these segments for a detailed dominance analysis.
Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Product Developments
The Saudi Arabian diabetes treatment drugs market is witnessing significant product innovation, with a focus on improving efficacy, safety, and convenience. The introduction of biosimilar insulins is increasing affordability and accessibility. New drug classes like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors offer improved glycemic control and reduced cardiovascular risk. Technological advancements in drug delivery systems, including pre-filled pens and insulin pumps, enhance patient compliance and convenience. These innovations provide competitive advantages for pharmaceutical companies, creating significant opportunities for growth.
Challenges in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Market
The market faces challenges such as high drug prices, stringent regulatory approvals, and the need for improved healthcare infrastructure in certain regions. Supply chain disruptions can impact drug availability and affordability. Intense competition among established players and the entry of new players can further strain market dynamics. These factors can potentially limit market growth, especially impacting accessibility in underserved communities. The exact quantitative impact of these challenges requires further in-depth study.
Forces Driving Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Growth
The market's growth is primarily driven by increasing diabetes prevalence, rising healthcare spending, and the introduction of innovative treatments. Government initiatives supporting improved healthcare access also play a vital role. Technological advancements in drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy are further propelling growth. This is further complemented by increased health awareness among the population, leading to early detection and improved disease management.
Challenges in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Market
Long-term growth hinges on addressing affordability concerns, improving healthcare infrastructure, and fostering collaboration between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers. Investments in research and development for novel treatments and improved drug delivery systems are crucial. Government policies promoting accessibility to newer therapies would also impact growth potential.
Emerging Opportunities in Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia
Emerging opportunities include the growing adoption of digital health technologies for diabetes management, the increasing demand for personalized medicine, and the expansion of telehealth services. The market for biosimilars offers significant potential for growth, given their cost-effectiveness. Further research into prevention strategies and improved disease management could open even more opportunities.
Leading Players in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Sector
- Pfizer
- Takeda
- Other
- Julphar
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Eli Lilly
- Novartis
- Merck and Co
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi Aventis
- Bristol Myers Squibb
- Novo Nordisk A/S
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Sanofi Aventis
- Astellas
Key Milestones in Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Industry
- August 2023: Daewoong Pharmaceutical's application for Envlo approval in Saudi Arabia signals potential market entry for a new diabetes drug and expansion of the Middle East market.
- October 2022: The UAE's MoU's for pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing, including a Glargine production facility, indirectly impact Saudi Arabia's market through regional supply chain dynamics and competition.
Strategic Outlook for Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Market
The future of the Saudi Arabian diabetes treatment drugs market is bright, driven by continued innovation, increased healthcare investment, and government support. Opportunities exist for companies to leverage technological advancements, expand into underserved regions, and focus on patient-centric solutions. Strategic partnerships and collaborations will be key to navigating market challenges and maximizing growth potential. The long-term outlook is positive, with consistent growth projected for the coming decade.
Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Segmentation
-
1. Product
- 1.1. Insulins
- 1.2. oral anti-diabetic drugs
- 1.3. non-insulin injectable drugs
-
2. End-user
- 2.1. Hospitals
- 2.2. clinics
- 2.3. pharmacies
-
3. Region
- 3.1. Middle East and Africa
Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Saudi Arabia

Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 9.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. ; The Rise in Global Prevalence of Cases of Obesity due to Modern Sedentary Lifestyles; Rise in Awareness and Disposable Income in Developed Economies
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1 ; Highly Cost of Branded Products in Emerging Countries; Severe Adverse Associated with Medication Including Seizures
- 3.3.2 Suicidal Attempts and Even Death; Adoption of Traditional Yoga and Herbal Products
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. The oral anti-diabetic drugs segment holds the highest market share in the Saudi Arabia Diabetes Drugs Market in the current year
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 5.1.1. Insulins
- 5.1.2. oral anti-diabetic drugs
- 5.1.3. non-insulin injectable drugs
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user
- 5.2.1. Hospitals
- 5.2.2. clinics
- 5.2.3. pharmacies
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Middle East and Africa
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Saudi Arabia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 6. Central Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Eastern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Western Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Southern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1 Pfizer
- 10.2.1.1. Overview
- 10.2.1.2. Products
- 10.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.2 Takeda
- 10.2.2.1. Overview
- 10.2.2.2. Products
- 10.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.3 Other
- 10.2.3.1. Overview
- 10.2.3.2. Products
- 10.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.4 Julphar
- 10.2.4.1. Overview
- 10.2.4.2. Products
- 10.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.5 Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- 10.2.5.1. Overview
- 10.2.5.2. Products
- 10.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.6 Eli Lilly
- 10.2.6.1. Overview
- 10.2.6.2. Products
- 10.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.7 Novartis
- 10.2.7.1. Overview
- 10.2.7.2. Products
- 10.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.8 Merck and Co
- 10.2.8.1. Overview
- 10.2.8.2. Products
- 10.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.9 AstraZeneca
- 10.2.9.1. Overview
- 10.2.9.2. Products
- 10.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.10 Sanofi Aventis
- 10.2.10.1. Overview
- 10.2.10.2. Products
- 10.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.11 Bristol Myers Squibb
- 10.2.11.1. Overview
- 10.2.11.2. Products
- 10.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.12 Novo Nordisk A/S
- 10.2.12.1. Overview
- 10.2.12.2. Products
- 10.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.13 Boehringer Ingelheim
- 10.2.13.1. Overview
- 10.2.13.2. Products
- 10.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.14 Sanofi Aventis
- 10.2.14.1. Overview
- 10.2.14.2. Products
- 10.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.15 Astellas
- 10.2.15.1. Overview
- 10.2.15.2. Products
- 10.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.1 Pfizer
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-user 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Central Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Central Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Eastern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Eastern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Western Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Western Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Southern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Southern Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-user 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia?
The projected CAGR is approximately 9.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia?
Key companies in the market include Pfizer, Takeda, Other, Julphar, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Merck and Co, AstraZeneca, Sanofi Aventis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk A/S, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Aventis, Astellas.
3. What are the main segments of the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia?
The market segments include Product, End-user, Region.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 1.87 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
; The Rise in Global Prevalence of Cases of Obesity due to Modern Sedentary Lifestyles; Rise in Awareness and Disposable Income in Developed Economies.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
The oral anti-diabetic drugs segment holds the highest market share in the Saudi Arabia Diabetes Drugs Market in the current year.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
; Highly Cost of Branded Products in Emerging Countries; Severe Adverse Associated with Medication Including Seizures. Suicidal Attempts and Even Death; Adoption of Traditional Yoga and Herbal Products.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2023: Daewoong applies for approval of Envlo in Saudi Arabia. S.Korean pharmaceutical company plans to expand its entry into the Middle East market for homegrown new diabetes drug
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Diabetes Treatment Drugs Market in Saudi Arabia, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence