Key Insights
The Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market is poised for robust growth, with an estimated market size of USD 6.81 million in 2025. This upward trajectory is underpinned by a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.9% during the forecast period of 2025-2033. Several key drivers are fueling this expansion, including the increasing average age of the passenger vehicle fleet in Singapore, necessitating more frequent maintenance and higher-quality lubricant replacements. Furthermore, a growing consumer awareness regarding the importance of regular lubrication for engine longevity and performance is contributing to sustained demand for premium and specialized lubricant products. The proliferation of advanced engine technologies, demanding specific lubricant formulations for optimal efficiency and protection, also plays a significant role.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Market Size (In Million)
The market is segmented across various product types, with Engine Oils commanding the largest share due to their fundamental role in vehicle operation. Greases, Hydraulic Fluids, and Transmission & Gear Oils also represent significant segments, catering to distinct lubrication needs. Despite a generally positive outlook, certain restraints could temper the growth rate. These include the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), which require different or no traditional lubricants, and potential fluctuations in crude oil prices impacting raw material costs for lubricant manufacturers. However, the sheer volume of the existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle parc in Singapore, coupled with ongoing advancements in lubricant technology for ICE vehicles, ensures a dynamic and promising market for passenger vehicle lubricants in the coming years. Leading companies such as ExxonMobil Corporation, LIQUI MOLY, Motul, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Chevron Corporation, and TotalEnergies are actively competing, driving innovation and influencing market trends.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Company Market Share
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market: Comprehensive Market Analysis and Strategic Outlook (2019-2033)
This in-depth report delivers a comprehensive analysis of the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market, providing critical insights for industry stakeholders. With a study period from 2019 to 2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period from 2025 to 2033, this report offers unparalleled foresight into market dynamics, growth drivers, and emerging opportunities. Our extensive research covers key segments including Engine Oils, Greases, Hydraulic Fluids, and Transmission & Gear Oils, and analyzes major industry players such as ExxonMobil Corporation, LIQUI MOLY, Motul, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Chevron Corporation, TotalEnergies, Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd, United Oil Company Pte Lt, AP Oil, and BP Plc (Castrol). This report is an indispensable tool for understanding the trajectory of the Singapore automotive lubricants market and capitalizing on future potential.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market exhibits a moderate level of concentration, with key global players like ExxonMobil Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, and Chevron Corporation holding significant market shares. However, specialized brands such as Motul and LIQUI MOLY have carved out niches, particularly within performance and premium segments, indicating a dynamic competitive landscape. Innovation ecosystems are fueled by a constant drive for advanced formulations, including synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants that offer enhanced performance and extended drain intervals. Regulatory frameworks, primarily influenced by environmental standards and vehicle emission regulations, are increasingly shaping product development and market entry. The presence of substitute products, though limited in core lubricant functions, includes re-refined oils and alternative lubrication technologies, posing a growing consideration. End-user trends are shifting towards higher-quality, longer-lasting lubricants, driven by increasing vehicle sophistication and a desire for reduced maintenance. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities are relatively subdued but are observed as strategic moves by larger entities to consolidate market presence or acquire specific technological capabilities. For instance, while specific M&A deal counts are not publicly detailed for this niche, the trend towards consolidation in the broader oil and gas sector suggests potential future strategic alignments. The market share distribution indicates that engine oils dominate, accounting for over 70% of the total market value, a trend projected to continue.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Industry Insights & Trends
The Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market is poised for steady growth, projected to reach an estimated value of USD 250 million in 2025, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 4.5% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is primarily propelled by a robust automotive parc, a growing inclination towards premium and synthetic lubricants, and the continuous technological advancements in vehicle engines. Singapore's status as a developed economy with a high disposable income per capita supports consistent demand for passenger vehicles and their associated maintenance, including high-quality lubricants. The increasing complexity of modern engines, often featuring turbochargers and advanced emission control systems, necessitates the use of specialized lubricants that can withstand higher operating temperatures and pressures. This trend favors the adoption of synthetic and semi-synthetic formulations, which offer superior protection and performance compared to conventional mineral oils.
Technological disruptions are also playing a pivotal role. The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a unique dynamic. While EVs do not require traditional engine oils, they do necessitate specialized e-fluids, including e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases. Companies like Castrol, with their Castrol ON range, are strategically positioning themselves to capitalize on this emerging segment. Furthermore, the digitalization of the automotive aftermarket is influencing how lubricants are marketed and sold, with a growing reliance on online platforms and data-driven consumer insights.
Evolving consumer behaviors are characterized by an increased awareness of lubricant performance benefits, such as fuel efficiency improvements and extended engine life. Consumers are becoming more discerning, seeking products that align with their vehicle's specifications and their driving habits. This heightened demand for product differentiation is encouraging lubricant manufacturers to invest in research and development to offer tailored solutions. The steady influx of new vehicle models, coupled with a healthy aftermarket for existing vehicles, ensures sustained demand for passenger vehicle lubricants in Singapore. The overall market size for passenger vehicle lubricants in Singapore is expected to grow from approximately USD 220 million in 2023 to over USD 300 million by 2030, driven by these multifaceted factors.
Key Markets & Segments Leading Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market
The Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market is predominantly led by the Engine Oils segment, which consistently accounts for the largest share of market revenue, estimated at over 70% of the total market value. This dominance is attributed to the fundamental and continuous need for engine oil in all internal combustion engine (ICE) passenger vehicles. The ongoing presence of a substantial ICE vehicle parc in Singapore, coupled with the replacement demand for these vehicles, underpins the unwavering demand for engine oils. Furthermore, the increasing sophistication of modern ICE engines, which often operate under more demanding conditions (e.g., higher temperatures, pressures, and for extended drain intervals), drives a shift towards higher-value synthetic and semi-synthetic engine oils, further bolstering this segment's market value.
- Drivers for Engine Oils Dominance:
- Vehicle Parc Size and Composition: A large and aging fleet of ICE passenger vehicles necessitates regular engine oil changes.
- Technological Advancements in Engines: Modern engines require specialized lubricants for optimal performance and protection.
- Consumer Preference for Quality and Longevity: Drivers are increasingly opting for premium synthetic oils for better engine protection and extended drain intervals, leading to higher average selling prices.
- Availability of Diverse Formulations: A wide range of engine oil viscosities and specifications caters to various vehicle types and operating conditions.
While Engine Oils reign supreme, other segments are also experiencing growth and gaining traction. Transmission & Gear Oils represent another significant segment, driven by the functional requirements of vehicle transmissions and differentials. As vehicle technology advances, including the introduction of more complex automatic and dual-clutch transmissions, the demand for specialized transmission fluids that ensure smooth operation and longevity is increasing.
The Hydraulic Fluids segment, while smaller in comparison to engine oils, is integral to various vehicle systems, including power steering and brake systems. The performance and reliability of these systems are directly influenced by the quality of hydraulic fluids used.
The Greases segment, though perhaps the smallest in direct relation to passenger vehicle lubricants in terms of volume, plays a crucial role in lubricating various chassis components, bearings, and other moving parts, contributing to overall vehicle durability and performance.
The dominance of the Engine Oils segment is further reinforced by the product development and marketing strategies of leading players. Companies like ExxonMobil (Mobil 1), Royal Dutch Shell (Shell Helix), and BP (Castrol) heavily promote their premium engine oil ranges, targeting consumers seeking the best protection for their vehicles. This sustained focus, coupled with the fundamental necessity of engine oil, solidifies its leading position within the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Product Developments
The Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market is witnessing a surge in product innovation driven by evolving vehicle technologies and environmental concerns. A significant development is the growing emphasis on lubricants designed for electric vehicles (EVs). Castrol's March 2021 launch of its Castrol ON range, comprising e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases, specifically tailored for EVs, exemplifies this trend. This move signifies a strategic pivot towards servicing the burgeoning EV segment, offering enhanced thermal management and electrical insulation properties crucial for EV components. Furthermore, lubricant manufacturers are continuously refining formulations for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, focusing on improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and extended drain intervals. Motul's April 2021 introduction of specialized engine oils for classic cars, namely CLASSIC EIGHTIES 10W-40 and CLASSIC NINETIES 10W-30, highlights a niche but important product development catering to the vintage and classic car enthusiast market, ensuring the longevity of these prized vehicles. These innovations collectively demonstrate the industry's commitment to adapting to diverse automotive needs, from cutting-edge EVs to cherished classic cars, thereby enhancing competitive edges and market relevance.
Challenges in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Market
The Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market faces several challenges that impact its growth trajectory. A primary restraint is the accelerating adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). As the proportion of EVs in Singapore's automotive parc increases, the demand for traditional engine oils will gradually decline, necessitating a strategic shift in product portfolios towards specialized EV fluids. Regulatory pressures concerning environmental sustainability and the disposal of used oils also pose a challenge, requiring manufacturers and service providers to invest in more eco-friendly solutions and robust recycling infrastructure. While the market benefits from Singapore's robust economy, the high cost of doing business, including operational and logistics expenses, can impact profit margins. Competition from gray market imports and counterfeit products also erodes market share and brand reputation for legitimate lubricant suppliers. The overall impact of the EV transition could lead to a projected 5-7% annual decline in demand for conventional engine oils within the next decade.
Forces Driving Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Growth
Several key forces are driving the growth of the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market. The sustained presence of a significant internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle fleet, coupled with robust replacement demand, forms the bedrock of this growth. Singapore's advanced economy and high disposable incomes support the continuous maintenance and servicing of passenger vehicles, including regular lubricant changes. Technological advancements in vehicle engines, leading to greater complexity and higher operating demands, necessitate the use of high-performance synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants, which command higher price points and contribute to market value growth. Furthermore, evolving consumer preferences towards superior engine protection, enhanced fuel efficiency, and extended service intervals are fueling the demand for premium lubricant products. Strategic partnerships between lubricant manufacturers and automotive brands, as exemplified by Suzuki Singapore's collaboration with Motul, also play a crucial role in market penetration and brand visibility.
Challenges in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Market
Long-term growth catalysts in the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market are intrinsically linked to adaptation and innovation. The most significant long-term catalyst is the industry's response to the electrification of the automotive sector. While a challenge for traditional engine oils, the development and aggressive marketing of specialized e-fluids for electric vehicles present a substantial growth opportunity. Companies that invest heavily in R&D for EV-specific lubricants, such as e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases, will be well-positioned for future success. Strategic collaborations and mergers with companies possessing expertise in new energy vehicle technologies can accelerate market entry and technological advancement. Furthermore, focusing on niche segments, such as performance lubricants for motorsport or specialized formulations for hybrid vehicles, can provide sustained revenue streams. Expanding into related service offerings, like advanced fluid analysis and maintenance programs, can also create recurring revenue and foster customer loyalty in the evolving automotive landscape.
Emerging Opportunities in Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market
Emerging opportunities within the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market are primarily driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer demands. The significant growth of the electric vehicle (EV) segment presents a substantial opportunity for the development and market penetration of specialized e-fluids. This includes high-performance e-gear oils for EV drivetrains, advanced e-coolants for battery and motor thermal management, and e-greases for component lubrication. Companies that can offer innovative, reliable, and cost-effective EV lubricant solutions will capture significant market share. Furthermore, the increasing consumer awareness regarding fuel efficiency and reduced emissions is creating demand for advanced synthetic and bio-based lubricants that offer superior performance with a lower environmental impact. The "circular economy" trend also presents opportunities for the development and marketing of high-quality re-refined lubricants, appealing to environmentally conscious consumers and businesses. Targeted marketing campaigns and educational initiatives that highlight the benefits of premium and specialized lubricants for both ICE and EV segments can further drive adoption and market expansion.
Leading Players in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Sector
- ExxonMobil Corporation
- LIQUI MOLY
- Motul
- Royal Dutch Shell Plc
- Chevron Corporation
- TotalEnergies
- Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd
- United Oil Company Pte Lt
- AP Oil
- BP Plc (Castrol)
Key Milestones in Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Industry
- May 2021: Suzuki Singapore partnered with Motul to unveil the all-new Suzuki Swift Sports Car, featuring Motul's high-performance lubricants. Customers received a complimentary upgrade to Motul's engine oils for an entire year, boosting brand visibility and product adoption.
- April 2021: Motul launched two specialized engine oils, CLASSIC EIGHTIES 10W-40 and CLASSIC NINETIES 10W-30, targeting the classic car market and catering to a specific niche segment with tailored product offerings.
- March 2021: Castrol announced the launch of its Castrol ON range, including e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases, specifically designed for electric vehicles. This development marked a significant strategic move to address the growing demand for specialized EV lubricants.
Strategic Outlook for Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Market
The strategic outlook for the Singapore passenger vehicles lubricants market is one of adaptation and diversification. The accelerating transition towards electric vehicles necessitates a proactive shift from traditional engine oils to specialized e-fluids. Lubricant manufacturers must prioritize R&D investment in e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases to capture this high-growth segment. Collaborations with EV manufacturers and battery technology companies will be crucial for developing bespoke solutions and gaining market access. Simultaneously, the mature market for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles will continue to demand high-performance synthetic and semi-synthetic lubricants, offering opportunities for premiumization and value-added services. Focusing on sustainability, including the development of bio-based lubricants and efficient recycling programs for used oils, will also be a key differentiator. Strategic partnerships, targeted marketing campaigns highlighting product benefits, and a keen understanding of evolving consumer preferences will be essential for navigating this dynamic market and ensuring sustained growth and profitability in the coming years.
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Segmentation
-
1. Product Type
- 1.1. Engine Oils
- 1.2. Greases
- 1.3. Hydraulic Fluids
- 1.4. Transmission & Gear Oils
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Singapore
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Regional Market Share
Geographic Coverage of Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market
Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.9% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand for New Automotive Vehicles; Active Ship Building and Repair Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Growing Adoption of Electric Vehicles; Other Restraints
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Largest Segment By Product Type
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 5.1.1. Engine Oils
- 5.1.2. Greases
- 5.1.3. Hydraulic Fluids
- 5.1.4. Transmission & Gear Oils
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. Singapore
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product Type
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2025
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 ExxonMobil Corporation
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 LIQUI MOLY
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Motul
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 Royal Dutch Shell Plc
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Chevron Corporation
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 TotalEnergies
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 United Oil Company Pte Lt
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 AP Oil
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 BP Plc (Castrol)
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 ExxonMobil Corporation
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Revenue Breakdown (million, %) by Product 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Share (%) by Company 2025
List of Tables
- Table 1: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Revenue million Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Volume Million Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Revenue million Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Volume Million Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Revenue million Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Volume Million Forecast, by Product Type 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Revenue million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.9%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market?
Key companies in the market include ExxonMobil Corporation, LIQUI MOLY, Motul, Royal Dutch Shell Plc, Chevron Corporation, TotalEnergies, Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd, United Oil Company Pte Lt, AP Oil, BP Plc (Castrol).
3. What are the main segments of the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market?
The market segments include Product Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 6.81 million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand for New Automotive Vehicles; Active Ship Building and Repair Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Largest Segment By Product Type : <span style="font-family: 'regular_bold';color:#0e7db3;">Engine Oils</span>.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Growing Adoption of Electric Vehicles; Other Restraints.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
May 2021: Suzuki Singapore partnered with Motul to unveil the all-new Suzuki Swift Sports Car with Motul's high-performance lubricants. Customers would receive a complimentary upgrade to Motul's engine oils for an entire year.April 2021: Motul launched two engine oils, namely CLASSIC EIGHTIES 10W-40 and CLASSIC NINETIES 10W-30, for classic cars manufactured between the 1970s and 2000s.March 2021: Castrol announced the launch of Castrol ON (a Castrol e-fluid range that includes e-gear oils, e-coolants, and e-greases) to its product portfolio. This range is specially designed for electric vehicles.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in million and volume, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Singapore Passenger Vehicles Lubricants Market?
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Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database
Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)
Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations
Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence