Key Insights
The hydrogen gas market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.85% from 2025 to 2033. Several key factors are driving this expansion. The increasing adoption of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) is a significant contributor, fueled by growing concerns about climate change and the need for cleaner transportation solutions. Furthermore, the burgeoning demand for hydrogen in industrial applications, particularly in ammonia production, methanol synthesis, refining processes, and direct reduced iron (DRI) manufacturing, is fueling market growth. The shift towards renewable energy sources and government initiatives promoting hydrogen as a clean energy carrier are also bolstering market expansion. Growth is further supported by advancements in hydrogen production technologies, leading to cost reductions and increased efficiency. Geographical distribution shows significant potential in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by large-scale industrial activities and supportive government policies in countries like China, India, and Japan. North America and Europe also represent substantial markets due to established industrial infrastructure and a growing focus on decarbonization efforts.
However, certain restraints hinder market growth. High production costs, particularly for green hydrogen derived from renewable energy sources, remain a significant challenge. The lack of widespread infrastructure for hydrogen storage, transportation, and distribution poses another obstacle to broader adoption. Safety concerns associated with hydrogen handling and storage also necessitate further technological advancements and robust safety regulations. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the hydrogen gas market remains positive, driven by sustained investments in research and development, government incentives, and the increasing urgency to transition towards a more sustainable energy future. The market is segmented by distribution channels (pipelines, high-pressure tube trailers, cylinders) and application areas (ammonia, methanol, refining, DRI, FCVs, and others), offering diverse avenues for market players to capitalize on emerging opportunities. Key players like Equinor ASA, Air Products and Chemicals Inc., and Linde plc are actively shaping the market landscape through innovation and strategic partnerships.

Hydrogen Gas Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Hydrogen Gas Market, offering crucial insights for stakeholders, investors, and industry professionals. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report meticulously examines market dynamics, key segments, leading players, and emerging opportunities within the rapidly expanding hydrogen economy. The study incorporates detailed analysis across distribution channels (pipelines, high-pressure tube trailers, cylinders), applications (ammonia, methanol, refining, direct reduced iron (DRI), fuel cell vehicles (FCV), and other applications), and significant industry developments. Expect actionable data-driven intelligence to navigate the complexities of this transformative market.
Hydrogen Gas Market Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Hydrogen Gas Market exhibits a moderately concentrated landscape, with several major players holding significant market share. While precise figures for market share are proprietary within the full report, Linde plc, Air Liquide, and Equinor ASA are consistently identified as leading players. However, the market is witnessing increased participation from smaller, specialized companies, particularly in niche applications. This dynamic is further fueled by substantial M&A activity, as evidenced by xx deals in the last five years alone (data available within the full report). These mergers and acquisitions predominantly focus on securing supply chains, expanding geographical reach, and acquiring innovative technologies.
The innovation ecosystem is vibrant, driven by advancements in electrolysis technologies, hydrogen storage solutions, and fuel cell development. Stringent regulatory frameworks, particularly concerning carbon emissions and safety standards, significantly impact market growth. The existence of substitute products, primarily natural gas in certain applications, poses a continuing challenge. However, increasing environmental concerns and supportive government policies are progressively shifting the preference towards hydrogen. End-user trends indicate a strong push towards decarbonization across various sectors, creating considerable demand for hydrogen.
Hydrogen Gas Market Industry Insights & Trends
The Hydrogen Gas Market is experiencing substantial growth, driven by the global shift towards renewable energy sources and stringent emission reduction targets. The market size was valued at approximately $xx Million in 2024 and is projected to reach $xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This robust growth is primarily fueled by increasing demand from sectors like ammonia production, refining, and the burgeoning fuel cell vehicle (FCV) industry.
Technological disruptions, particularly in electrolysis technologies, are significantly lowering production costs and improving efficiency. The development of green hydrogen production methods, using renewable energy sources for electrolysis, is a major catalyst for market expansion. Consumer behaviors are also evolving, with increasing awareness of environmental issues leading to greater acceptance and demand for hydrogen-based solutions.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Hydrogen Gas Market
The Hydrogen Gas Market demonstrates varied growth across different segments and geographies. While specific market share data is contained in the full report, analysis suggests significant growth potential across several key areas.
Dominant Regions/Countries: (Specific dominance analysis within the full report)
Leading Application Segments:
- Ammonia Production: Strong demand driven by the fertilizer industry. Growth is further supported by advancements in green ammonia production using renewable hydrogen.
- Refining: Hydrogen plays a crucial role in petroleum refining processes, making it an essential segment.
- Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV): The burgeoning FCV market is anticipated to be a major driver of growth for hydrogen demand in the coming years, particularly in the transportation sector.
- Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): The steel industry's adoption of DRI processes utilizing hydrogen is another major contributor to market expansion.
Leading Distribution Segments:
- Pipelines: Pipelines offer cost-effective transportation for large volumes of hydrogen, making it a key distribution method.
- High-Pressure Tube Trailers: Suitable for mid-range transportation.
- Cylinders: Essential for smaller-scale applications and localized distribution.
Drivers for Growth Across Segments:
- Government incentives and regulations: Substantial investments and policies aimed at decarbonization are strongly driving market growth.
- Technological advancements: Continuous innovation in production, storage, and transportation technologies.
- Infrastructure development: Investments in hydrogen infrastructure, including pipelines and refueling stations.
- Economic growth: Growth in key industries, particularly those adopting hydrogen technologies.
Hydrogen Gas Market Product Developments
Recent innovations in the hydrogen gas market focus on improving production efficiency, storage capacity, and transportation safety. Advancements in electrolysis technologies, particularly alkaline and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, are reducing production costs. New materials and designs for hydrogen storage tanks are enhancing storage capacity and safety. Improved pipeline technologies and high-pressure tube trailers are also optimizing hydrogen transportation.
Challenges in the Hydrogen Gas Market Market
Several challenges impede the widespread adoption of hydrogen gas. Regulatory hurdles related to safety and environmental standards can be complex and costly to navigate. Supply chain issues relating to the sourcing of raw materials and the lack of mature hydrogen infrastructure in certain regions constrain growth. Competitive pressures from established fossil fuel-based industries and the relatively high cost of hydrogen production in comparison to other fuels are also notable challenges. These factors collectively impose a significant impact, estimated to be xx% on overall market growth, according to the full report's analysis.
Forces Driving Hydrogen Gas Market Growth
Several factors are accelerating the growth of the hydrogen gas market. Technological advancements in production methods (e.g., advancements in electrolysis), leading to lower costs and increased efficiency are highly significant. Favorable government policies and incentives, such as tax credits and subsidies, boost the market. The increasing demand from various sectors (ammonia, refining, fuel cells) is also a strong driving force. Finally, growing concerns regarding climate change and the push towards decarbonization across industries are propelling the market forward.
Long-Term Growth Catalysts in Hydrogen Gas Market
Long-term growth in the hydrogen gas market will be fueled by continued innovation in production and storage technologies. Strategic partnerships between energy companies, technology providers, and end-users will accelerate infrastructure development and market penetration. The expansion of hydrogen applications into new sectors and geographic regions will further stimulate long-term growth.
Emerging Opportunities in Hydrogen Gas Market
Emerging opportunities lie in the development of green hydrogen production, utilizing renewable energy sources to reduce carbon footprint. The expanding fuel cell vehicle market presents significant potential. New markets are emerging in sectors such as industrial heating and heavy-duty transportation. Finally, advancements in hydrogen storage and transportation technologies offer considerable market opportunities.
Leading Players in the Hydrogen Gas Market Sector
- Equinor ASA
- Air Products and Chemicals Inc
- Universal Industrial Gases Inc
- PAO NOVATEK
- Gulf Cryo
- Lords Chloro Alkali Limited
- Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
- Matheson Tri-Gas Inc
- BASF SE
- Aditya Birla Chemicals
- Linde plc
- TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION
- Air Liquide
- Messer SE & Co KGaA
Key Milestones in Hydrogen Gas Market Industry
- June 2022: BASF and Shell collaborated to advance green hydrogen production technologies, enhancing purification and dehydration processes.
- June 2022: Equinor and SSE Thermal acquired Triton Power, paving the way for increased hydrogen utilization in the UK's Saltend Power Station.
- July 2022: Air Products and VPI partnered to develop the Humber Hydrogen Hub, aiming for an 800 MW low-carbon hydrogen production facility.
Strategic Outlook for Hydrogen Gas Market Market
The future of the hydrogen gas market looks exceptionally promising. Continued technological advancements, supportive government policies, and increasing demand from various sectors point toward significant growth potential. Strategic partnerships and investments in infrastructure will play a crucial role in unlocking the full potential of this market, leading to a substantial increase in market share and widespread adoption of hydrogen-based solutions in the coming years.
Hydrogen Gas Market Segmentation
-
1. Distribution
- 1.1. Pipelines
- 1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 1.3. Cylinders
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Ammonia
- 2.2. Methanol
- 2.3. Refining
- 2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 2.6. Other Ap
Hydrogen Gas Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. India
- 1.3. Japan
- 1.4. South Korea
- 1.5. Malaysia
- 1.6. Thailand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Vietnam
- 1.9. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
2. North America
- 2.1. United States
- 2.2. Canada
- 2.3. Mexico
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. Germany
- 3.2. United Kingdom
- 3.3. Italy
- 3.4. France
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. NORDIC
- 3.7. Turkey
- 3.8. Russia
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. South America
- 4.1. Brazil
- 4.2. Argentina
- 4.3. Colombia
- 4.4. Rest of South America
-
5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Saudi Arabia
- 5.2. South Africa
- 5.3. Nigeria
- 5.4. Qatar
- 5.5. Egypt
- 5.6. United Arab Emirates
- 5.7. Rest of Middle East and Africa

Hydrogen Gas Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 3.85% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand From Chemical Industry; Expanding Usage Of Hydrogen In Refinery
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Production Cost Of Blue And Green Hydrogen; High Transportation And Storage Cost
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Ammonia Production to Dominate the Market Demand
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 5.1.1. Pipelines
- 5.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 5.1.3. Cylinders
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Ammonia
- 5.2.2. Methanol
- 5.2.3. Refining
- 5.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 5.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 5.2.6. Other Ap
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.2. North America
- 5.3.3. Europe
- 5.3.4. South America
- 5.3.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 6. Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 6.1.1. Pipelines
- 6.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 6.1.3. Cylinders
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Ammonia
- 6.2.2. Methanol
- 6.2.3. Refining
- 6.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 6.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 6.2.6. Other Ap
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 7. North America Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 7.1.1. Pipelines
- 7.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 7.1.3. Cylinders
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Ammonia
- 7.2.2. Methanol
- 7.2.3. Refining
- 7.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 7.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 7.2.6. Other Ap
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 8. Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 8.1.1. Pipelines
- 8.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 8.1.3. Cylinders
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Ammonia
- 8.2.2. Methanol
- 8.2.3. Refining
- 8.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 8.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 8.2.6. Other Ap
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 9. South America Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 9.1.1. Pipelines
- 9.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 9.1.3. Cylinders
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Ammonia
- 9.2.2. Methanol
- 9.2.3. Refining
- 9.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 9.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 9.2.6. Other Ap
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 10. Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 10.1.1. Pipelines
- 10.1.2. High-pressure Tube Trailers
- 10.1.3. Cylinders
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.2.1. Ammonia
- 10.2.2. Methanol
- 10.2.3. Refining
- 10.2.4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
- 10.2.5. Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)
- 10.2.6. Other Ap
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution
- 11. Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1 China
- 11.1.2 India
- 11.1.3 Japan
- 11.1.4 South Korea
- 11.1.5 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 12. North America Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1 United States
- 12.1.2 Canada
- 12.1.3 Mexico
- 13. Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1 Germany
- 13.1.2 United Kingdom
- 13.1.3 Italy
- 13.1.4 France
- 13.1.5 Rest of Europe
- 14. South America Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1 Brazil
- 14.1.2 Argentina
- 14.1.3 Rest of South America
- 15. Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1 Saudi Arabia
- 15.1.2 South Africa
- 15.1.3 Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Equinor ASA
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Air Products and Chemicals Inc
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Universal Industrial Gases Inc *List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 PAO NOVATEK
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Gulf Cryo
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Lords Chloro Alkali Limited
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 BASF SE
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 Aditya Birla Chemicals
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.11 Linde plc
- 16.2.11.1. Overview
- 16.2.11.2. Products
- 16.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.12 TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION
- 16.2.12.1. Overview
- 16.2.12.2. Products
- 16.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.13 Air Liquide
- 16.2.13.1. Overview
- 16.2.13.2. Products
- 16.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.14 Messer SE & Co KGaA
- 16.2.14.1. Overview
- 16.2.14.2. Products
- 16.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Equinor ASA
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 32: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 33: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 34: Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 35: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 36: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 37: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 38: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 39: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 40: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 41: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 42: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 43: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 44: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 45: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 46: North America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 47: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 48: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 49: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 50: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 51: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 52: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 53: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 54: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 55: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 56: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 57: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 58: Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 59: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 60: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 61: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 62: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 63: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 64: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 65: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 66: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 67: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 68: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 69: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 70: South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 71: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 72: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 73: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 74: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Distribution 2024 & 2032
- Figure 75: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 76: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 77: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 78: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 79: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 80: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 81: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 82: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: China Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: China Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: India Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: India Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Japan Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Japan Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South Korea Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South Korea Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Rest of Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Rest of Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: United States Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: United States Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Canada Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Canada Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Mexico Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Mexico Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Germany Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Germany Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: United Kingdom Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: United Kingdom Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Italy Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Italy Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: France Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: France Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Rest of Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Rest of Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Brazil Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Brazil Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Argentina Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Argentina Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Rest of South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Rest of South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Saudi Arabia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Saudi Arabia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: South Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: South Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: Rest of Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: Rest of Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 57: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 58: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 59: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 60: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 61: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 62: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 63: China Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 64: China Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 65: India Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 66: India Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 67: Japan Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 68: Japan Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 69: South Korea Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 70: South Korea Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 71: Malaysia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 72: Malaysia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 73: Thailand Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 74: Thailand Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 75: Indonesia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 76: Indonesia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 77: Vietnam Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 78: Vietnam Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 79: Rest of Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 80: Rest of Asia Pacific Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 81: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 82: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 83: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 84: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 85: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 86: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 87: United States Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 88: United States Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 89: Canada Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 90: Canada Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 91: Mexico Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 92: Mexico Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 93: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 94: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 95: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 96: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 97: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 98: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 99: Germany Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 100: Germany Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 101: United Kingdom Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 102: United Kingdom Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 103: Italy Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 104: Italy Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 105: France Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 106: France Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 107: Spain Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 108: Spain Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 109: NORDIC Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 110: NORDIC Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 111: Turkey Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 112: Turkey Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 113: Russia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 114: Russia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 115: Rest of Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 116: Rest of Europe Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 117: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 118: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 119: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 120: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 121: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 122: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 123: Brazil Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 124: Brazil Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 125: Argentina Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 126: Argentina Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 127: Colombia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 128: Colombia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 129: Rest of South America Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 130: Rest of South America Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 131: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 132: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Distribution 2019 & 2032
- Table 133: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 134: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 135: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 136: Global Hydrogen Gas Market Volume Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 137: Saudi Arabia Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 138: Saudi Arabia Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 139: South Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 140: South Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 141: Nigeria Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 142: Nigeria Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 143: Qatar Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 144: Qatar Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 145: Egypt Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 146: Egypt Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 147: United Arab Emirates Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 148: United Arab Emirates Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 149: Rest of Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 150: Rest of Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Gas Market Volume (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Hydrogen Gas Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 3.85%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Hydrogen Gas Market?
Key companies in the market include Equinor ASA, Air Products and Chemicals Inc, Universal Industrial Gases Inc *List Not Exhaustive, PAO NOVATEK, Gulf Cryo, Lords Chloro Alkali Limited, Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited, Matheson Tri-Gas Inc, BASF SE, Aditya Birla Chemicals, Linde plc, TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION, Air Liquide, Messer SE & Co KGaA.
3. What are the main segments of the Hydrogen Gas Market?
The market segments include Distribution, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand From Chemical Industry; Expanding Usage Of Hydrogen In Refinery.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Ammonia Production to Dominate the Market Demand.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Production Cost Of Blue And Green Hydrogen; High Transportation And Storage Cost.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
July 2022: Air Products and VPI (a power generator company) signed a joint development agreement for driving the 'Humber Hydrogen Hub' or 'H3', which seeks to develop an 800 MW low-carbon hydrogen production facility in Immingham, United Kingdom.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Hydrogen Gas Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Hydrogen Gas Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Hydrogen Gas Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Hydrogen Gas Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence