Key Insights
The Mexican logistics market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, exhibits robust growth potential, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 3.50%. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, Mexico's strategic geographic location facilitates robust cross-border trade, particularly with the United States and Canada. The burgeoning e-commerce sector significantly boosts demand for efficient last-mile delivery solutions and temperature-controlled logistics, especially within the food and beverage industry. Furthermore, the ongoing modernization of infrastructure, including improvements to roads, ports, and railways, enhances logistics efficiency and reduces transportation costs. The diverse end-user industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, and oil & gas, contribute significantly to the market's volume. While regulatory hurdles and infrastructure limitations in certain regions pose challenges, the overall market outlook remains positive, driven by strong economic growth and increased foreign investment in the country.
However, certain restraints need consideration for accurate forecasting. Fluctuations in global fuel prices directly impact transportation costs, potentially affecting profitability. Competition within the sector is intense, with both domestic and international players vying for market share. The market's growth may also be influenced by government policies and regulations impacting trade and cross-border movement of goods. Segmentation analysis reveals that Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP) services, along with temperature-controlled logistics, are high-growth segments. Within end-user industries, the manufacturing and agricultural sectors are major contributors. To maintain growth momentum, logistics providers must prioritize technological advancements, such as implementing advanced tracking systems and adopting sustainable practices to meet increasing environmental concerns. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on emerging trends, the Mexican logistics market is poised for continued expansion throughout the forecast period (2025-2033).

Mexico Logistics Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Mexico Logistics Market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders. Covering the period 2019-2033, with a focus on 2025, this report meticulously examines market dynamics, key segments, leading players, and emerging trends, providing a clear roadmap for strategic decision-making. The market is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, demonstrating significant growth potential.
Mexico Logistics Market Market Concentration & Dynamics
The Mexico logistics market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with several major players holding significant market share. However, a vibrant ecosystem of smaller, specialized logistics providers also contributes significantly. The market is characterized by ongoing consolidation through mergers and acquisitions (M&A), with approximately xx M&A deals recorded between 2019 and 2024. Key players such as DHL Group, FedEx, and Kuehne + Nagel maintain substantial market dominance, estimated at a combined xx% in 2025.
Innovation is driven by technological advancements in areas like automation, data analytics, and sustainable logistics solutions. The regulatory landscape, while generally supportive of market growth, faces ongoing challenges related to customs procedures and infrastructure development. Substitute products and services, such as in-house logistics capabilities for large companies, exert some competitive pressure. End-user trends towards just-in-time inventory management and greater supply chain transparency are shaping logistics provider strategies. The ongoing M&A activity indicates a trend toward larger, more integrated logistics service providers offering a wider range of capabilities.
- Market Share (2025 Estimate):
- DHL Group: xx%
- FedEx: xx%
- Kuehne + Nagel: xx%
- Others: xx%
- M&A Deal Count (2019-2024): xx
- Key Drivers of M&A: Expansion of service offerings, geographical reach, and access to advanced technologies.
Mexico Logistics Market Industry Insights & Trends
The Mexican logistics market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as increasing e-commerce penetration, the expansion of manufacturing activities (particularly within the automotive and aerospace sectors), and the growing demand for cross-border trade. The market size was valued at xx Million in 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the historical period (2019-2024) and projected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Technological advancements, such as the adoption of blockchain for enhanced supply chain transparency and the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for route optimization and predictive analytics, are transforming the industry. Changing consumer behavior, with a preference for faster delivery times and greater convenience, is putting pressure on logistics providers to innovate and improve efficiency.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Mexico Logistics Market
The manufacturing sector represents the largest end-user industry segment within the Mexican logistics market, followed by wholesale and retail trade. The growth of these segments is primarily driven by Mexico's strategic position as a manufacturing hub for North America and the robust expansion of e-commerce. Within logistics functions, the courier, express, and parcel (CEP) segment enjoys the highest market share, fueled by the burgeoning e-commerce sector. Temperature-controlled logistics is also experiencing considerable growth, driven by the increasing demand for the safe transportation of perishable goods and pharmaceuticals.
- Dominant End-User Industries: Manufacturing, Wholesale and Retail Trade
- Dominant Logistics Functions: Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP), Temperature Controlled
- Growth Drivers:
- Manufacturing: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Nearshoring initiatives.
- Wholesale & Retail: E-commerce expansion, rising consumer spending.
- CEP: E-commerce growth, faster delivery expectations.
- Temperature Controlled: Growth of pharmaceutical and food industries.
Mexico Logistics Market Product Developments
Recent years have witnessed significant product innovations in the Mexican logistics market. The implementation of advanced tracking technologies, route optimization software driven by AI, and the integration of blockchain for improved transparency and security are examples of key advancements. Companies are increasingly investing in technology to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction. These innovations offer significant competitive advantages, enabling providers to offer faster, more reliable, and more cost-effective services.
Challenges in the Mexico Logistics Market Market
The Mexican logistics market faces various challenges, including inadequate infrastructure in certain regions, particularly concerning road and rail networks. This results in increased transportation times and higher costs. Complex customs procedures and bureaucratic hurdles also contribute to inefficiencies, impacting overall supply chain speed and efficiency. The fluctuating exchange rate between the Mexican Peso and the US dollar adds an additional layer of complexity for businesses engaged in cross-border logistics. These factors translate to an estimated xx% increase in overall logistics costs annually.
Forces Driving Mexico Logistics Market Growth
Several factors are driving growth in the Mexico logistics market. These include substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, primarily focused on manufacturing and related sectors; the increasing popularity of e-commerce and the accompanying demand for efficient delivery services; and the government’s initiatives to improve the country’s infrastructure and streamline customs procedures. These factors, coupled with the ongoing efforts to enhance technological capabilities, position the market for sustained expansion.
Long-Term Growth Catalysts in Mexico Logistics Market
Long-term growth in the Mexican logistics market will be fueled by strategic partnerships between logistics providers and technology companies leading to the development of innovative solutions. Expansion into underserved regions through infrastructure investments and the adoption of sustainable logistics practices, such as reducing carbon emissions, will also drive growth. Continued government support for infrastructure development and streamlining regulations will further enhance the market's long-term prospects.
Emerging Opportunities in Mexico Logistics Market
Emerging opportunities include the expansion of last-mile delivery solutions catering to the growing e-commerce sector, the development of specialized logistics services for temperature-sensitive goods (pharmaceuticals and food), and the increasing adoption of automation and AI technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Further opportunities exist in serving niche sectors, such as the burgeoning medical device industry.
Leading Players in the Mexico Logistics Market Sector
- DB Schenker
- Hellmann Worldwide Logistics
- Nippon Express Holdings
- DHL Group
- Accel Logística
- DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea)
- Trayecto GTM- Larmex
- Transportes Marva
- Penske Logistics
- FedEx
- Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V
- Kuehne + Nagel
- Grupo SID
- Transportes Lar-Mex
- Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica)
- Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P
- SEKO Bansard
- Grupo TMM
- C H Robinson
- TIBA Group
- Traxion
- Grupo Mexico
- Tresguerra
- Ryder System Inc
- Aeromexico Cargo
- Grupo FH
Key Milestones in Mexico Logistics Market Industry
- November 2023: DB Schenker and American Airlines Cargo launch an API connection for streamlined airfreight booking.
- January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel announces its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles to improve decarbonization.
- February 2024: C.H. Robinson introduces AI-powered appointment scheduling technology for enhanced freight shipping efficiency.
Strategic Outlook for Mexico Logistics Market Market
The Mexico logistics market presents significant long-term growth potential, driven by continued economic expansion, infrastructure development, and the increasing adoption of advanced technologies. Strategic opportunities exist for logistics providers to focus on niche sectors, develop specialized service offerings (such as temperature-controlled logistics and last-mile delivery), and embrace digitalization to enhance efficiency and customer experience. The market’s trajectory suggests substantial growth and presents compelling investment opportunities for both established players and new entrants.
Mexico Logistics Market Segmentation
-
1. End User Industry
- 1.1. Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry
- 1.2. Construction
- 1.3. Manufacturing
- 1.4. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 1.5. Wholesale and Retail Trade
- 1.6. Others
-
2. Logistics Function
-
2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
-
2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 2.1.1.1. Domestic
- 2.1.1.2. International
-
2.1.1. By Destination Type
-
2.2. Freight Forwarding
-
2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 2.2.1.1. Air
- 2.2.1.2. Sea and Inland Waterways
- 2.2.1.3. Others
-
2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
-
2.3. Freight Transport
- 2.3.1. Pipelines
- 2.3.2. Rail
- 2.3.3. Road
-
2.4. Warehousing and Storage
-
2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 2.4.1.1. Non-Temperature Controlled
-
2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 2.5. Other Services
-
2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
Mexico Logistics Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Mexico

Mexico Logistics Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.50% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Increasing volume of international trade4.; The rise of trade agreements between nations
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; Surge in fuel costs affecting the market4.; Increasing trade tension
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Mexico Logistics Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 5.1.1. Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry
- 5.1.2. Construction
- 5.1.3. Manufacturing
- 5.1.4. Oil and Gas, Mining and Quarrying
- 5.1.5. Wholesale and Retail Trade
- 5.1.6. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Logistics Function
- 5.2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
- 5.2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 5.2.1.1.1. Domestic
- 5.2.1.1.2. International
- 5.2.1.1. By Destination Type
- 5.2.2. Freight Forwarding
- 5.2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 5.2.2.1.1. Air
- 5.2.2.1.2. Sea and Inland Waterways
- 5.2.2.1.3. Others
- 5.2.2.1. By Mode Of Transport
- 5.2.3. Freight Transport
- 5.2.3.1. Pipelines
- 5.2.3.2. Rail
- 5.2.3.3. Road
- 5.2.4. Warehousing and Storage
- 5.2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 5.2.4.1.1. Non-Temperature Controlled
- 5.2.4.1. By Temperature Control
- 5.2.5. Other Services
- 5.2.1. Courier, Express, and Parcel (CEP)
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Mexico
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User Industry
- 6. Competitive Analysis
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 6.2. Company Profiles
- 6.2.1 DB Schenker
- 6.2.1.1. Overview
- 6.2.1.2. Products
- 6.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.2 Hellmann Worldwide Logistics
- 6.2.2.1. Overview
- 6.2.2.2. Products
- 6.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.3 Nippon Express Holdings
- 6.2.3.1. Overview
- 6.2.3.2. Products
- 6.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.4 DHL Group
- 6.2.4.1. Overview
- 6.2.4.2. Products
- 6.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.5 Accel Logística
- 6.2.5.1. Overview
- 6.2.5.2. Products
- 6.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.6 DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea)
- 6.2.6.1. Overview
- 6.2.6.2. Products
- 6.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.7 Trayecto GTM- Larmex
- 6.2.7.1. Overview
- 6.2.7.2. Products
- 6.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.8 Transportes Marva
- 6.2.8.1. Overview
- 6.2.8.2. Products
- 6.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.9 Penske Logistics
- 6.2.9.1. Overview
- 6.2.9.2. Products
- 6.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.10 FedEx
- 6.2.10.1. Overview
- 6.2.10.2. Products
- 6.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.11 Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V
- 6.2.11.1. Overview
- 6.2.11.2. Products
- 6.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.12 Kuehne + Nagel
- 6.2.12.1. Overview
- 6.2.12.2. Products
- 6.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.13 Grupo SID
- 6.2.13.1. Overview
- 6.2.13.2. Products
- 6.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.14 Transportes Lar-Mex
- 6.2.14.1. Overview
- 6.2.14.2. Products
- 6.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.15 Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica)
- 6.2.15.1. Overview
- 6.2.15.2. Products
- 6.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.16 Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P
- 6.2.16.1. Overview
- 6.2.16.2. Products
- 6.2.16.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.16.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.16.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.17 SEKO Bansard
- 6.2.17.1. Overview
- 6.2.17.2. Products
- 6.2.17.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.17.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.17.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.18 Grupo TMM
- 6.2.18.1. Overview
- 6.2.18.2. Products
- 6.2.18.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.18.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.18.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.19 C H Robinson
- 6.2.19.1. Overview
- 6.2.19.2. Products
- 6.2.19.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.19.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.19.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.20 TIBA Group
- 6.2.20.1. Overview
- 6.2.20.2. Products
- 6.2.20.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.20.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.20.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.21 Traxion
- 6.2.21.1. Overview
- 6.2.21.2. Products
- 6.2.21.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.21.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.21.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.22 Grupo Mexico
- 6.2.22.1. Overview
- 6.2.22.2. Products
- 6.2.22.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.22.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.22.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.23 Tresguerra
- 6.2.23.1. Overview
- 6.2.23.2. Products
- 6.2.23.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.23.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.23.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.24 Ryder System Inc
- 6.2.24.1. Overview
- 6.2.24.2. Products
- 6.2.24.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.24.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.24.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.25 Aeromexico Cargo
- 6.2.25.1. Overview
- 6.2.25.2. Products
- 6.2.25.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.25.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.25.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.26 Grupo FH
- 6.2.26.1. Overview
- 6.2.26.2. Products
- 6.2.26.3. SWOT Analysis
- 6.2.26.4. Recent Developments
- 6.2.26.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 6.2.1 DB Schenker
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Mexico Logistics Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Logistics Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Logistics Function 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Mexico Logistics Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Mexico Logistics Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Mexico Logistics Market?
Key companies in the market include DB Schenker, Hellmann Worldwide Logistics, Nippon Express Holdings, DHL Group, Accel Logística, DSV A/S (De Sammensluttede Vognmænd af Air and Sea), Trayecto GTM- Larmex, Transportes Marva, Penske Logistics, FedEx, Estafeta Mexicana S A de C V, Kuehne + Nagel, Grupo SID, Transportes Lar-Mex, Fomento Económico Mexicano S A B de C V (Solistica), Agility Public Warehousing Company K S C P, SEKO Bansard, Grupo TMM, C H Robinson, TIBA Group, Traxion, Grupo Mexico, Tresguerra, Ryder System Inc, Aeromexico Cargo, Grupo FH.
3. What are the main segments of the Mexico Logistics Market?
The market segments include End User Industry, Logistics Function.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Increasing volume of international trade4.; The rise of trade agreements between nations.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; Surge in fuel costs affecting the market4.; Increasing trade tension.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
February 2024: C.H. Robinson has developed a new technology that creates a major efficiency in freight shipping: removing the work of scheduling an appointment at the place where a load needs to be picked up and scheduling another appointment where the load needs to be delivered. The technology also uses artificial intelligence to determine the optimal appointment, based on transit-time data from C.H. Robinson’s millions of shipments across 300,000 shipping lanes.January 2024: Kuehne + Nagel has announced its Book & Claim insetting solution for electric vehicles, to improve its decarbonization solutions. Developing Book & Claim insetting solutions for road freight was a strategic priority for Kuehne + Nagel. Customers who use Kuehne + Nagel's road transport services can now claim the carbon reductions of electric trucks when it is not possible to physically move their goods on these vehicles.November 2023: DB Schenker, in partnership with American Airlines Cargo, announces an advancement in airfreight operations. The introduction of an API (Application Programming Interface) connection, introduced on November 14th, 2023, marks the next step in digitalizing and streamlining airfreight booking processes.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Mexico Logistics Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Mexico Logistics Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Mexico Logistics Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Mexico Logistics Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence