Key Insights
The inkjet printing industry, valued at $101.25 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse applications. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.32% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion of the market over the forecast period. Key drivers include the rising adoption of inkjet technology in packaging and labeling due to its versatility and high-quality output, particularly for personalized and short-run print jobs. The commercial print segment benefits from inkjet's ability to handle variable data printing efficiently, while the advertising sector utilizes it for large-format displays and direct mail campaigns. Growth in e-commerce is also boosting demand for high-speed inkjet systems for transaction and labeling applications. While some restraints exist, such as competition from alternative printing technologies and potential environmental concerns regarding ink disposal, the overall market outlook remains positive, fuelled by continuous technological advancements leading to enhanced print quality, speed, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, ongoing research and development into new inks and printheads are expected to expand inkjet's capabilities and applications. The diverse range of applications, coupled with ongoing technological innovation, positions inkjet printing for sustained growth in the coming years. Major players like HP, Canon, and Fujifilm continue to invest in R&D and market expansion, further solidifying the industry's trajectory.
The segmentation of the inkjet printing market reveals substantial opportunities within specific application areas. The Books/Publishing segment benefits from inkjet's efficiency in handling personalized and on-demand printing. Commercial print and advertising segments leverage inkjet's capabilities for high-volume, high-quality outputs. Transaction and label applications are experiencing a surge in demand due to e-commerce growth. The packaging segment is witnessing rapid adoption due to inkjet's ability to handle variable data, personalization, and high-resolution images directly onto products. The geographic distribution of the market indicates strong performance in North America and Europe, while Asia-Pacific is expected to see significant growth driven by expanding economies and increasing adoption of digital printing technologies. Ongoing investments in infrastructure and a rising middle class in these regions further contribute to this projection. The competitive landscape is marked by both established players and emerging companies, leading to a dynamic environment of innovation and competition.

Inkjet Printing Industry Report: 2019-2033 Forecast
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the inkjet printing industry, covering market dynamics, key trends, leading players, and future opportunities. The study period spans 2019-2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period of 2025-2033. The report is essential for industry stakeholders, investors, and anyone seeking a clear understanding of this dynamic market. The global inkjet printing market is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, exhibiting a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period.
Inkjet Printing Industry Market Concentration & Dynamics
The inkjet printing industry exhibits a moderately concentrated market structure, with several major players holding significant market share. The top five companies, including Canon Inc, HP Development Company LP, Fujifilm Holdings Corporation, Xerox Corporation, and Lexmark International Inc., collectively account for approximately xx% of the global market share in 2025. However, the landscape is dynamic, with ongoing innovation and M&A activity shaping competition.
- Market Concentration: High, with a few major players dominating.
- Innovation Ecosystems: Robust, with significant R&D investments in ink technology, printheads, and software.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Vary across regions, impacting costs and compliance.
- Substitute Products: Laser printing remains a major competitor, particularly in high-volume applications.
- End-User Trends: Growing demand for high-quality, cost-effective printing across various applications.
- M&A Activity: Moderate, with strategic acquisitions driving consolidation and expansion. An estimated xx M&A deals occurred between 2019 and 2024.
Inkjet Printing Industry Industry Insights & Trends
The inkjet printing market is experiencing significant growth, driven by several factors. The increasing demand for personalized and on-demand printing is a major catalyst. The rising adoption of inkjet technology across diverse applications, including packaging, labels, and commercial print, fuels market expansion. Technological advancements such as the development of high-resolution printheads and eco-friendly inks are further boosting growth. Consumer preference for digital printing solutions is driving market adoption. The market size was estimated at xx Million in 2025 and is expected to reach xx Million by 2033.

Key Markets & Segments Leading Inkjet Printing Industry
The packaging segment is expected to be a dominant application within the inkjet printing industry, driven by the growing demand for customized packaging solutions and the rising preference for digital printing technology. The commercial printing segment is also experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for high-quality and cost-effective printing.
Drivers for Packaging Segment Growth:
- Rising demand for personalized packaging.
- Growth of e-commerce and direct-to-consumer brands.
- Increasing preference for eco-friendly packaging solutions.
- Technological advancements in inkjet printing technology for packaging.
Drivers for Commercial Printing Segment Growth:
- Growing demand for high-quality and cost-effective printing.
- Increased adoption of digital printing technology in commercial printing.
- Expanding applications in marketing materials and advertising.
Other significant segments include labels, books/publishing, and advertising, each with unique growth drivers and market dynamics. North America and Europe are currently the leading regional markets.
Inkjet Printing Industry Product Developments
Recent product innovations include high-resolution printheads, improved ink formulations, and advanced software solutions that enhance print quality, speed, and efficiency. These advancements are expanding the applications of inkjet printing and enabling new market opportunities. The focus is on developing eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions to meet evolving consumer demands and address environmental concerns.
Challenges in the Inkjet Printing Industry Market
The inkjet printing industry faces several challenges. Intense competition from established players and emerging companies creates pricing pressures. Fluctuations in raw material costs and supply chain disruptions affect production efficiency and profitability. Stringent environmental regulations in some regions add to operational costs. These challenges require innovative solutions and adaptive strategies for sustained growth.
Forces Driving Inkjet Printing Industry Growth
Key growth drivers include the increasing adoption of inkjet technology in diverse applications, rising demand for personalized and on-demand printing, technological advancements resulting in improved print quality and efficiency, and the expanding e-commerce sector, driving the need for customized packaging and labels.
Challenges in the Inkjet Printing Industry Market
Long-term growth will depend on continued innovation in ink and printhead technology, strategic partnerships to expand market reach, and expansion into new applications. Sustainable and eco-friendly solutions will become increasingly crucial for success.
Emerging Opportunities in Inkjet Printing Industry
Emerging opportunities lie in 3D printing, industrial applications such as textiles and electronics, and the development of new materials compatible with inkjet printing. New markets in developing economies also present significant potential.
Leading Players in the Inkjet Printing Industry Sector
- Jet Inks Private Limited
- Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
- Canon Inc
- Videojet Technologies Inc
- Xerox Corporation
- HP Development Company LP
- Lexmark International Inc
- Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co Ltd
- Inkjet Inc
- Brother Industries Ltd
Key Milestones in Inkjet Printing Industry Industry
- June 2021: Fujifilm announced the Jet Press FP 790 water-based inkjet digital press for flexible packaging.
- September 2021: Lexmark launched the Lexmark Optra IoT Platform, a cloud-based technology platform.
- November 2021: Canon India launched the PIXMA E4570 inkjet multifunction printer.
Strategic Outlook for Inkjet Printing Industry Market
The inkjet printing industry is poised for continued growth, driven by technological advancements, expanding applications, and increasing demand for personalized printing solutions. Companies that embrace innovation, strategic partnerships, and sustainable practices will be best positioned to capitalize on future opportunities.
Inkjet Printing Industry Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Books/Publishing
- 1.2. Commercial Print
- 1.3. Advertising
- 1.4. Transaction
- 1.5. Labels
- 1.6. Packaging
- 1.7. Other Applications
Inkjet Printing Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Latin America
- 5. Middle East and Africa

Inkjet Printing Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 8.32% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1 Big Data
- 3.2.2 IoT
- 3.2.3 and Digitalization of Print Processing and Packaging; Smart Production
- 3.2.4 Speed
- 3.2.5 Flexibility
- 3.2.6 and Cost Control
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Reliance on Other Countries for Raw Materials and Fluctuating Raw Material Prices
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Advertisement is Anticipated to Hold a Dominant Share of the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 5.1.2. Commercial Print
- 5.1.3. Advertising
- 5.1.4. Transaction
- 5.1.5. Labels
- 5.1.6. Packaging
- 5.1.7. Other Applications
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Latin America
- 5.2.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 6.1.2. Commercial Print
- 6.1.3. Advertising
- 6.1.4. Transaction
- 6.1.5. Labels
- 6.1.6. Packaging
- 6.1.7. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 7.1.2. Commercial Print
- 7.1.3. Advertising
- 7.1.4. Transaction
- 7.1.5. Labels
- 7.1.6. Packaging
- 7.1.7. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 8.1.2. Commercial Print
- 8.1.3. Advertising
- 8.1.4. Transaction
- 8.1.5. Labels
- 8.1.6. Packaging
- 8.1.7. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 9.1.2. Commercial Print
- 9.1.3. Advertising
- 9.1.4. Transaction
- 9.1.5. Labels
- 9.1.6. Packaging
- 9.1.7. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Middle East and Africa Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Books/Publishing
- 10.1.2. Commercial Print
- 10.1.3. Advertising
- 10.1.4. Transaction
- 10.1.5. Labels
- 10.1.6. Packaging
- 10.1.7. Other Applications
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. North America Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1 Eastern Europe
- 12.1.2 Western Europe
- 13. Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1 Asia
- 13.1.2 Australia
- 14. Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1.
- 15. Middle East Inkjet Printing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1.
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Jet Inks Private Limited
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Fujifilm Holdings Corporation*List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Canon Inc
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Videojet Technologies Inc
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Xerox Corporation
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 HP Development Company LP
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Lexmark International Inc
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co Ltd
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 Inkjet Inc
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 Brother Industries Ltd
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Jet Inks Private Limited
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Middle East Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Middle East Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Latin America Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Middle East and Africa Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Middle East and Africa Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Middle East and Africa Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Middle East and Africa Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Eastern Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Western Europe Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Asia Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Australia Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Global Inkjet Printing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Inkjet Printing Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 8.32%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Inkjet Printing Industry?
Key companies in the market include Jet Inks Private Limited, Fujifilm Holdings Corporation*List Not Exhaustive, Canon Inc, Videojet Technologies Inc, Xerox Corporation, HP Development Company LP, Lexmark International Inc, Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co Ltd, Inkjet Inc, Brother Industries Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Inkjet Printing Industry?
The market segments include Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 101.25 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Big Data. IoT. and Digitalization of Print Processing and Packaging; Smart Production. Speed. Flexibility. and Cost Control.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Advertisement is Anticipated to Hold a Dominant Share of the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Reliance on Other Countries for Raw Materials and Fluctuating Raw Material Prices.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
November 2021 - Canon India launched the all-new PIXMA E4570 inkjet multifunction printer. This is innovated to increase productivity and efficiency at work. The all-new PIXMA E4570 provides a suite of productivity features, combined with high print yields and low-cost printing, making it essential for students, home offices, and even small offices.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Inkjet Printing Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Inkjet Printing Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Inkjet Printing Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Inkjet Printing Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence